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10CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRSx 100CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 100 VCLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS20VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS250 V dcCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 0 -250 VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 0 - 250CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x 1CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS25 VCLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS5VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS50 V dcCLLECELLRULE ,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS0 - 50 VCLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS0 - 50CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x 1CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS5 VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 1VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS10 V dcCLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS0 - 10VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 0 - 10CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x 1CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS1 VCLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS0.2VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS2.5 V dcCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 0 - 2.5 VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 0 - 250CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS/ 100CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS0.25VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 0.05VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS2.5 V dcCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 0 - 2.5 VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 0 - 250CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x 10CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS250 mVCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 50 mVCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0.1 V dcCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 0 - 0.1 VCLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS0 - 10CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS / 100CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 0.01 VCLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS0.002VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0.1 V dcCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 0 - 0.1 VCLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS0 - 10CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x 10CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS10 mVCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 2 mVCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS50 ACLLECELLRULE ,ATTR dCHRS 0 - 50 AATTR dCHRS CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 - 50CLLECELLRULEBATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRSx 1CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS5 ACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS1 ACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS2.5 mACLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 0 - 2.5 ACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 - 250CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS/ 100CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0.25 mACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0.05 mACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS25 mACLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 0 - 25 ACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 - 250CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS/ 10CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS2.5 mACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0.5 mACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS250 mACLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 0 - 250 ACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 - 250CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRSx 1CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS25 mACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS5 mACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS10ARULEATTRdCHRS(insert probe in 10A socket)CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 -10ACLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0-10CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSx 1CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS1 ACLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 0.2A (200mA)CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULE ATTR  dCHRS 1000 V acCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 0 -1000 VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0-10CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSx 100CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS100VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS20VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS250 V acCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 0 -250 VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 - 250CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSx 1CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS25VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS5VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS50 V acCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 -50 VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 - 50CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSx 1CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS5VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS1VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS10 V acCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 -10 VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0-10CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSx 1CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS1VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0.2VCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEBATTR dCHRSTR ATTR dCHRS ATTR  dCHRS (read note 1)CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSx 1 OhmsCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULE ATTR  dCHRS x 10 OhmsCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULE ATTR  dCHRS x 1k OhmsCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULE ATTR  dCHRS x 10k OhmsCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLEGINF SHD1PW.LzW.HW.E.PTMainTBDYRULEATTR dCHRSRULEWATTR dCHRSElectronic Servicing yr.1 pt.1ATTR dCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR dCHRSLecture: 007.P ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRSWed - 06 - NovemberATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS- 1996RULEATTR hdCHRSRULE ATTR xCHRS MULTIMETERSRULEATTR xCHRSRULEUXATTR dCHRSA Multimeter is a very useful device used to measure A.C./D.C.. Voltage, A.C./D.C.. Current and D.C. Resistance. More sophisticated multimeters can measure other electric variables such as capacitance and impedance (A.C.. resistance) There are two types nowadays, which are theATTR dCHRS analogue multimeterATTR dCHRS and the more expensiveATTR dCHRS digital multimeter. RULEATTR dCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSAnalogue MultimeterRULEBATTR dCHRSThe analogue multimeter has a ATTR dCHRSmoving coil meter.ATTR dCHRS This is a micro-Ampere meter, hence a meter which to operate uses a minimum amount of current. In common analogue multimeters, a 50A meter is used, and it is considered as the most expensive part of the instrument. The movement of the needle takes place with the magnetic effect of an electric current. Note that analogue multimeters should be read while they are placed horizontally on the bench. RULEATTR dCHRSRULE-ATTR dCHRSWhen used to measure ATTR dCHRScurrentATTR* dCHRS*, (its ampere meter) the multimeter uses aATTR dCHRS very low resistance resistorATTR* dCHRS*. On the other hand, when used to measure ATTR dCHRSvoltage ATTR% dCHRS%(its voltmeter) the multimeter uses aATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRSvery high resistance resistorATTR dCHRS.ATTRT dCHRST To measure resistance, current from the multimeter batteries is used to supply electric current through the resistor and hence calculate its resistance value. In all 3 cases, to measure current, voltage or resistance, the needle movement to give a reading is due current flow depending on the current, voltage or resistance to be measured.RULEATTR dCHRSRULE 'ATTR'dCHRS'Loading effect of Voltmeter on circuit.RULEATTR dCHRS As mentioned above, the voltmeter has a high resistance and this provides a loading effect on the circuit. This is explained in the diagram below.RULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEeATTRe dCHRSeFrom the diagram, it can be seen that the high resistance of the voltmeter Vm (200 Ohms) connected in parallel with resistor R2 (200 Ohms), reduces the total resistance Rt to 100 Ohms. As a result he voltage passing from R2 is reduced from 4.5V to 3.0V and hence the voltmeter gives a less value than the actual value. This is known as the loading effect. RULEATTR dCHRSRULEvATTRv dCHRSvFor an accurate unloading voltage reading, the internal resistance of the voltmeter should be 10 times the resistor across which the voltage is measured. Also note that to read the voltage, a small quantity of current from the circuit is taken up. If this quantity required by the voltmeter is larger than that supplied by the circuit, no reading is given in the voltmeter. RULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSThe multimeter have 5 or more ranges of voltage to be read. There is a full scale deflection of 2.5V, 10.0V, 50V, 250V, and 1000V in most common multimeters. RULEATTR dCHRSRULE ,ATTR  dCHRS Question:ATTR dCHRS RULE$XATTRh dCHRShA shop have the following 3 Voltmeters at the same price. Which would you consider to be the best and ATTR dCHRSbuy. ATTR udCHRS ATTR dCHRSa) 0-10V and take 10ARULE$XATTR dCHRS ATTR EdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR dCHRSb) 0-10V and take 50ARULE$nATTR dCHRS ATTR EdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR dCHRSc) 0- 10V and take 1mAATTR dCHRS RULEATTR dCHRSAnswer:RULE$ATTR/ dCHRS/The best one is that which to measure voltage, ATTR dCHRStakes the leastATTR dCHRS cuATTR dCHRSrrent from the circuiATTRD dCHRSDt. So you should buy voltmeter (a) -10A. It is said to be the most ATTR  dCHRS sensitiveATTR dCHRS voltmeter of the three above.RULEATTR dCHRSRULE  ATTR dCHRS SensitivityRULETBATTRi dCHRSiSensitivity is how much little current the voltmeter requires to read voltage. It is a value only of the ATTR  dCHRS VOLTMETERATTR dCHRS part of the multimeter. A very sensitive voltmeter is one which measures voltage with the least current. Every voltmeter will have the sensitivity given as Ohms/Volt and the common ones have a sensitivity of 20,000 Ohms/Volt.RULEATTR dCHRSHowever, If instead the voltmeter gives the current the voltmeter needs to read voltage, the sensitivity of the voltmeter can be calculated as shown in the following examples.RULEATTR dCHRSRULEXATTRX dCHRSXEx.1: A voltmeter having a 1V f.s.d.. requires 10A to read 1V. Find its sensitivity.RULEFATTRF dCHRSFFrom Ohm's Law, the resistance of the particular volt range is found, RULEJATTRJ dCHRSJR = V / I = 1 / 10 A = 1 / 10 x 0.000001 = 1,000,000/10 = 100,000 OhmsRULEATTR dCHRSRULEhATTRh dCHRShFrom the equation R = Sensitivity x Voltage f.s.d, Sensitivity = Resistance = 100,000 Ohms/VoltRULE+ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR# hdCHRS# Voltage f.s.d. 1RULEATTR hdCHRSRULEYATTRY dCHRSYEx.2: A voltmeter having a 2.5V f.s.d. requires 50A to read 1V. Find its sensitivity.RULE.ATTR. dCHRS.From Ohm's Law 1V = 50 A, 2.5V = 250 A. RULEaATTRa dCHRSaInternal Resistance R = V / I = 2.5 / 250 A =1 / 100 x 0.000001 = 1,000,000/100 = 10,000 OhmsRULEATTR dCHRSRULEdATTRd dCHRSdR = Sensitivity x Voltage f.s.d, Sensitivity = Resistance = 10,000 = 4000 Ohms/VoltRULE/ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS Voltage f.s.d. 2.5RULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEZATTRZ dCHRSZEx.3: A voltmeter having a 10V f.s.d. requires 100A to read 10V. Find its sensitivity.RULE`ATTR` dCHRS`Internal Resistance R = V / I = 10 / 100 A = 1 / 10 x 0.000001 = 1,000,000/10 = 100,000 OhmsRULEATTR dCHRSRULEgATTRg dCHRSgR = Sensitivity x Voltage f.s.d, Sensitivity = Resistance = 100,000 = 10,000 Ohms/VoltRULE/ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR* hdCHRS* Voltage f.s.d. 10RULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEnATTR dCHRSEx.4:ATTR adCHRS ATTRZ dCHRSZFind the internal resistance of the following different ranges of a 20,000 Ohms/Volt ATTR hdCHRS ATTR$ dCHRS$Voltmeter: 2.5V, 50V, 1000V, 0.1VRULEATTR dCHRSRULE_ATTR_ dCHRS_ Internal Resistance = Sensitivity x Voltage f.s.d. = 20,000 x 2.5V = 50,000 Ohms = 50 kOhmsRULE:ATTR hdCHRS ATTR IdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR3 hdCHRS3 = 20,000 x 50V = 100,000 Ohms = 100 kOhmsRULE=ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS =ATTR, dCHRS, 20,000 x 1000V = 20,000,000 Ohms = 20 MohmsRULE8ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR2 hdCHRS2 = 20,000 x 0.1V = 2,000 Ohms = 2 kOhmsRULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSFinally, from the sensitivity, one could know how much current is passing from the meter, at a certain voltage reading, as shown in the following examples:RULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSRULElnATTR hdCHRSEx.5: ATTR BdCHRS ATTRV hdCHRSVFind the current flowing a 20,000 Ohm/Volt Voltmeter when 10V are applied and read by ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRSthe 10V scale.RULEATTR hdCHRSRULEdATTRd hdCHRSdFirst, the resistance is calculated as above. R = f.s.d. x Sensitivity = 10 x 20,000 = 200,000 Ohms.RULE6ATTR6 hdCHRS6From Ohm's law I = V/R = 10V/200,000 = 50 ARULEATTR hdCHRSRULElnATTR hdCHRSEx.6: ATTR BdCHRS ATTRV hdCHRSVFind the current flowing a 20,000 Ohm/Volt Voltmeter when 10V are applied and read by ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRSthe 25V scale.RULEATTR hdCHRSRULEdATTRd hdCHRSdFirst, the resistance is calculated as above. R = f.s.d. x Sensitivity = 25 x 20,000 = 500,000 Ohms.RULE5ATTR5 hdCHRS5From Ohm's law I = V/R = 10V/500,000 = 20 ARULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSRULEknATTR hdCHRSEx.7: ATTR BdCHRS ATTRU hdCHRSUFind the current flowing a 20,000 Ohm/Volt Voltmeter when 5V are applied and read by ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRSthe 10V scale.RULEATTR hdCHRSRULEdATTRd hdCHRSdFirst, the resistance is calculated as above. R = f.s.d. x Sensitivity = 10 x 20,000 = 200,000 Ohms.RULE3ATTR3 hdCHRS3From Ohm's law I = V/R = 5V/200,000 = 25 ARULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSRULEBATTR dCHRSThe moving coil meter is wounded around an aluminium former, because Aluminium acts as a short cut circuit term and as a result it will prevent the moving coil from oscillating (swinging) left and right before it reaches the final position. This is referred as ATTR dCHRSAluminium despring dampingATTRi dCHRSi. Other meters that reads current are the moving iron (attratction or repulsion) and the hot wire meter. RULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRScRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSNote 1.RULE,ATTR dCHRSThe TR functionATTR dCHRS: Plug Transistor (TR) in com - base in the correct holes representing Emittor (E), base (B), and connector (C). Press the TR check button. If the Transistor is working properly, either the green PNP or red NPN light will flash permenantly (while the tr switch is pressed). If the light sometimes flashes green and sometimes red, while the tr check is held down, than the transistor has some sort of damage or inaccuracy.RULE &ATTR&dCHRS&Features of a good analogue multimeterRULE%ATTR% dCHRS%A Good Multimeter should have a large scale and a thin needle to indicate one particular value as accurate as possible. The needle should be as close to the scale as possible. A good analogue multimeter should have a mirror fitted on the scale sothat when taking a reading one should clode one eye and observe the needle and its reflection on top of each other, and note the readingat this position. By this method we avoid what is known the parallax error, hence a slightly altered reading from the actual value due the direction the scale is read.RULEATTR dCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSTypes of scalesRULEATTR# dCHRS#There are two types of scales, the ATTR dCHRSlinearATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRSand ATTR dCHRS non-linearATTR dCHRS scales. In the linear scale, equal distances on the scale represent the same value, hence each similar division has an an equal value. In the non-linear (log) scale, equal distances on the scale do not represent the same value.RULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSThe advantages of a linear scale is that it is more accurate than a non-linear scale, however a disadvantage of a linear scale is that it has a much smaller range from the non-linear scale.RULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRMSTRULEATTR dCHRSLMSTRULEATTR dCHRS