FORM2SWRTHYPHASCISPELPRGHDOC h PICP69LINP6Z BOXP6Z dOVLP6Z dSWCL@BlackWhiteRedGreenBlueCyanYellowMagentafSalmonwPeachUBrownellowLight GreenwwwGrey DarkOrangeݙVanillalowGrey LightIDXHIDXDSoftSansdTitleepz,IDXDSoftSansdBlank LinefIDXDSoftSansdLetter HeadergIDXDSoftSans dIndex EntryhTOCH TOCDSoftSansdTitlenz%TOCDSoftSans dBlank LineoTOCDSoftSansdZLevel 1pTOCDSoftSans dZLevel 2qTOCDSoftSerif dLevel 3rTOCDSoftSerif dhLevel 4sTOCDSoftSerif dvLevel 5tTOCDSoftSerif d*Level 6uTOCDSoftSerif dLevel 7vTOCDSoftSerif d8Level 8wIDXPSEC1 PTPAG3pA PRN3KBVtils:APPLICATIONS/FinalWriter/FWFonts/SWOLFonts/Serif/WŬWW~WW { dELX.FormulaText{WPASDSoftSansdDocument TitlePASDSoftSansdSection Namepz??PASDSoftSansdTopic Nameq{??PASDSoftSansdSub Topic 1r|??PASDSoftSansdSub Topic 2s}??PASDSoftSans dBodyPASDSoftSans dIndented BodyTOCP!rOUTPBIBPTOIPENDPDSP2PHHFDASoftSans dSoftSans dPNDASoftSans dSHPP6Z dGRMRStrictly.For Business Writing.For Casual Writing.Custom 1.Custom 2.Custom 3.IDXLConductorsTDINFFCOP3` W2W,FDTASoftSans_Bold{WŬWΆWvtUtils:APPLICATIONS/FinalWriter/FWFonts/SWOLFonts/W>W>W>0W>W>!W>"HW>"W>#`lW>#W>$xW> tW>W>W>W>W>0W>lW=LW=W=dW=pW=W=W=,W=W=DlW=W=\W=W=tW=W=W=W=W=0CELLRULEATTR dCHRSFreqCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS f1CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS f2CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS f3CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS f4CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS f5CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS f6CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS f7CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS f8CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSV inCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 50CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 50CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 50CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 50CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 50CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 50CLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS 50ATTR dCHRS CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 50CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSV outCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 50CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 200CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 300CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 400CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 400CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 350CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 250CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS100CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSGainCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x1CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x4CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x6CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x8CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x8CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x7CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x5CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS x2CLLEGINF Utils:GRAPHICS/PPaint/Brushes/FWriter5/FreqResponse.bsh,/2,/2 D 79BlackFORM ILBMBMHD=E, CMAP@@CAMGBODY `?8999Ϗߏρ|999ϝϟ ?9l9889ϟߏ~|888pqpspwqpp<<00` `0x 3 J@ 8H@H @I I  1@@B!B!B@ $ @ $ @@@@`$A @ $A @  @ @@@0@ #@@ d @ D8@@ R|@ 3x@ R ?@ @@@@@@@ @@@@ @@@@@@@3@ @ @ @@@?@@@@@@p@@p@@@@@@@@@ @@ @@ 888 ߀`C``x`003><``|`>3 a` 0|  C`a` 0f3 ```0f3 ``x0< @@ @  @L;RI$NRI$ `RI$ 8?GINF $'vTABL~$'ddddd (SoftSans dSoftSans dSoftSans dSoftSans dSoftSans dvTCLS^W-,^W-(^W-$i^W- W-W-W-iW-W>W>W>iW>W>W>W>TiW>W>,W>W>iW>W>r2W>s.W>t6iW>u2W>RRW>SW>TiW>LW-W-W-0iW=,CELLRULE,TABSATTR dCHRS ATTRdCHRSType of AmplifierCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS LowerRULE ATTR  dCHRS frequencyCLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRSUpperRULE ATTR  dCHRS frequencyCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS Band WidthCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRSCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS Speech onlyCLLECELLRULE,ATTR dCHRS ATTR dCHRS300 HzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS3400 HzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS3100 HzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS Speech and Sound CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS20 HzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS20 kHzCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 19,800 HzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS VideoCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 HzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS5.5 MHzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS5.5 MHzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS Chroma (colour information)CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 HzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 1 MHzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS1 MHzCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS Luma (luminous B&W information)CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 HzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS5.5 MHzCLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS 5.5 MHzCLLECELLRULE"ATTR" dCHRS" Cathode Ray Oscilloscope - Y amp.CLLECELLRULEATTR dCHRS0 HzCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 20-60 MHzCLLECELLRULE ATTR dCHRS 20 - 60 MHzCLLEGINF SHD1PW2ZW2{W2xPTMainTBDYRULEM4ATTR dCHRSElectronic Servicing yr.1 pt.1ATTR dCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR dCHRSLecture: 023 - tATTR [dCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRSMondayATTR hdCHRS - 14ATTR hdCHRS - AprATTR hdCHRS ATTR hdCHRS-1997RULEATTR hdCHRSRULE ATTR hxCHRS AMPLIFIERSRULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSAmplifiers are devices used frequently in electronic devices which produce an output which is greater from the input signal. On the other hand an attenuator works opposite to the amplifier as it produces an output which is smaller than the input.RULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSAmplifiers are divided into 3 classes, hence Power, Current or Voltage amplifiers of which these three could either amplify ac signals only or dc signals only, hence ac amplifiers or dc amplifiers. The amplifiers dealt with for this topic are voltage amplifiers. An ac amplifier amplifies only ac signals, and the dc part of the signal is eliminated so that the output is oscillating at the 0 x-axis. The dc amplifier amplifies both the dc and ac signal, but they are very expensive compared to ac amplifiers. RULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSThe amplifier amplifies the input by a factor called the gain of the amplifier and it is the ratio of the output with the input voltage (or current or power depending the type of amplifier). It always enlarges the vertical dimension (the amplitude) of the signal.RULEATTR hdCHRSRULElATTR& hdCHRS& Amplifier Gain = Output VATTR hdCHRSgainATTR hdCHRS = VATTR hdCHRSoutATTR hdCHRS IATTR hdCHRSgainATTR hdCHRS = IATTR hdCHRSoutATTR hdCHRS PATTR hdCHRSgainATTR hdCHRS = PATTR hdCHRSouATTR hdCHRStRULEATTRA hdCHRSA Input VATTR hdCHRSin ATTR hdCHRS IATTR hdCHRSinATTR hdCHRS PATTR hdCHRSinRULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSamplifiers take their name from the work they do, or from the range of frequencies that they amplify. Once an amplifier has been built, the frequency response curve of the amplifier is found, and this curve shows how the gain of the amplifier affects the range of frequencies. The frequency response curve is in fact a graph of gain (Y) against frequency (X). The construction of such a curve is shown below:RULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR hdCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULELATTRL dCHRSLTo find the band width of the amplifier the max. gain is multiplied by the constant value of 0.707. A straight line is drawn from this product value obtained, and the two point A and B which cuts the graph will represent the band width frequencies of the amplifier. The band width value is really B minus A. The band width of an amplifier is a range of frequencies that are obtaining a certain considerable amount of gain (at least 70%) from the amplifier. This amount of gain should be at least the half power point which is 0.7071 of the max gain, hence 70.7% at the centre frequencies.RULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSAny amplifier whose band width is 1Mhz or more is called a wide band amplifier. Wide band and D.C. amplifiers are very costly to construct. Any amplifier which amplifies from 0Hz to a certain frequency is a DC amplifier.RULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRULE !ATTR!dCHRS!Band width of various amplifiers.RULE ATTRdCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSAnother important thing is that for every amplifier the product of its gain and bandwidth is always constant. Eg: An amplifier covers the range from 100Hz to 2100 Hz and has a gain of x500. Find the band width if the gain is made 1000, and then 250.RULEATTR dCHRSRULE!ATTR! dCHRS!Band Width = 2100 - 100 = 2000 HzRULEWATTRW dCHRSWBand Width gain product = B.W. x Gain = 2000 x 500 = 1,000,000 (which is constant)RULEATTR dCHRSRULE^ATTR^ dCHRS^When gain is 1000, bandwidth = BandWidth Gain Product / gain = 1,000,000 / 1000 = 1000 HzRULEaATTRa dCHRSaWhen gain is 250, bandwidth = BandWidth Gain Product / gain = 1,000,000 / 250 = 4000 Hz. RULEATTR dCHRSRULE ATTRdCHRSRULE (ATTR(dCHRS(AC Tuned AMPLIFIER (Narrow & Selective).RULEQATTRQ dCHRSQThese amplifiers are radio frequency amplifiers (R.F. Amplifiers) intended for station tuning in radio recievers. Sensitivity of the receiver is obtained from the gain of the R.F. Amplifier. Selectivity is obtained from the correct band width of the amplifier. For this reason this amplifier is also called the Tuned Selective Amplifier.RULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSThe centre frequency of a tuned selective amplifier can be shifted to suit the carrier frequency of different radio stations. The band width remains the same and each time a new centre frequency, hence a new radio station carrier is selected, while all others are not amplified and so rejected. So it is important that a tuned amplifier has a constant relatively narrow band width, and a large gain. The tuned RF amplifier is the first block of a simple radio receiver and takes its signal from the aerial and earth.RULEATTR dCHRSRULEATTR dCHRSRMSTRULEATTR dCHRSLMSTRULEATTR dCHRS