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The genus Ophrys L., 1753 is a group of
about 40 orchids from the alliance Orchis in the
subtribe Orchidinae. There are many natural hybrids.
They are referred to as the "Bee orchids" because of
the flowers of some species resemble the furry bodies of
Bumble Bees and other insects.
Their scientific name is derived from the Greek word
"ophrys", meaning "eyebrow", referring to how high this
genus is regarded.
Ophrys was first mentioned in the book
"Natural History" by Pliny
the Elder (23-79 AD).
They are terrestrial
or ground orchids from central to South Europe,
North Africa,
Asia Minor, up to the Caucasus
Mountains, but mostly around the Mediterranean. They
are considered the most important group of European
terrestrial orchids.
During summer all Ophrys orchids are dormant
as an underground bulbous tuber,
which serves as a food reserve. In late summer/autumn
they develop a rosette of leaves. Also a new tuber
starts to grow and matures until the following spring;
the old tuber slowly dies. The next spring the flowering
stem starts to grow. During flowering the leaves already
start to wither.
Most Ophrys orchids are dependent on symbiotic
fungi.
Because of this, they only develop small alternate
leaves. They cannot be transplanted due to this
symbiosis. The shiny, basal leaves
have a green or bluish color. They develop in autumn and
may survive mild winters.
The flowers
surpass all other European orchids. Two to twelve
flowers grow on an erect stem
with basal leaves. They are absolutely unique not only
because of their unequaled beauty, color range and
exceptional forms, but also because of the ingenuity by
which they attract insects. Their lip
mimics several insects, such as that of a bee,
a wasp,
or a beetle,
attracting and duping the right pollinator.
This visual cue serves as a close-range attractant. This
pollination mimicry is enhanced by producing the scent
of the receptive female insect. This is the long-range
attractant. These insect pheromones
cause them to approach and investigate the flowers more
closely. This all happens in a period that only males
are active and females haven't appeared yet.
The Bumblebee Orchid (Ophrys bombyliflora) is
a typical example. It has flowers that look and smell so
much like female Bumble Bees that males flying nearby
are irresistibly drawn in by this chemical signal,
stimulating them sexually. The insect gets so excited
that he starts to copulate with the flower. This is
termed 'pseudocopulation'. The firmness, the
smoothness and the velvety hairs of the lip are a
further incentive for the insect to enter the flower.
The pollinia
inadvertently stick to the head or the abdomen of the
male bumblebee. On visiting another orchid of the same
species, the bumblebee pollinates its sticky stigma
with the pollinia. The filaments of the pollinia have,
during transport, taken such a position that the waxy
pollen are able to stick to the stigma. Such is the
refinement of the reproduction. If the filaments hadn't
taken the new position, the pollinia could not have
pollinated the new orchid.
Every Ophrys orchid has its own pollinator
insect and is completely dependent on this species for
its survival. Furthermore, duped males are not likely to
return. They even ignore other plants of the same
species. Therefore, only about 10% of an Ophrys
population gets pollinated. This is enough to preserve
the population, since each Ophrys orchid produces
about 12,000 minute seeds.
Species
- Ophrys alasiatica (Cyprus).
- Ophrys antiochiana (Turkey).
- Ophrys apifera : Bee Orchid (Europe,
Medit. to Caucasus).
- Ophrys argolica (S. Greece to SW. Turkey).
- Ophrys atlantica (S. Spain, Sicilia, NW.
Africa).
- Ophrys atlantica subsp. atlantica
(S. Spain, NW. Africa). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys atlantica subsp. hayekii
(Sicilia, Tunisia). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys bertolonii : Bertoloni's Bee
Orchid (W. & C. Medit.)
- Ophrys bertolonii subsp. balearica
(Baleares). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys bertolonii subsp.
bertolonii (W. & C. Medit.) Tuber
geophyte
- Ophrys bombyliflora : Bumblebee
Orchid (Canary Is., Medit.)
- Ophrys cilicica (S. & SE. Turkey to N.
Syria and Iran).
- Ophrys cornutula (East Aegean Is.)
- Ophrys crabronifera (C. & E. Italy,
Croatia).
- Ophrys cretica (S. Greece, S. Aegean Is.)
- Ophrys dianica (Spain).
- Ophrys dodekanensis (East Aegean Is.).
- Ophrys eptapigiensis (East Aegean Is.)
- Ophrys exaltata (NE. Spain to Italy).
*Ophrys exaltata subsp.
arachnitiformis (NE. Spain to Italy). Tuber
geophyte
- Ophrys exaltata subsp. exaltata
(Sicilia to S. Italy). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys exaltata subsp. tyrrhena
(Italy). Tuber geophyte.
Ophrys ferrum-equinum (Albania to SW. &
S. Turkey).
- Ophrys ferrum-equinum var.
anafiensis (Greece) Tuber geophyte.
- Ophrys ferrum-equinum var.
ferrum-equinum (Albania to SW. & S.
Turkey). Tuber geophyte.
- Ophrys ferrum-equinum var.
gottfriediana (Greece). Tuber geophyte.
- Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. minor
(Greece) Tuber geophyte.
Ophrys flavomarginata (Cyprus, Syria to
Israel).
Ophrys fleischmannii (E. Medit.)
Ophrys fusca : Dark Bee Orchid
(Medit.)
- Ophrys fusca subsp. blitopertha
(Aegean Is. to SW. Turkey) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys fusca subsp. cinereophila (S.
Greece to N. Syria). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys fusca subsp. fusca (Medit.)
Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys fusca subsp. minima (France)
Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys fusca subsp. vasconica (SW.
Europe). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys halia (East Aegean Is.).
Ophrys helios (Crete).
Ophrys holoserica (W. & C. Europe to
Medit.)
- Ophrys holoserica subsp.
bornmuelleri (E. Medit. to N. Iraq). Tuber
geophyte
- Ophrys holoserica subsp. candica
(SE. Italy to SW. Turkey). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys holoserica subsp.
chestermanii (SW. Sardegna). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys holoserica subsp. elatior
(France to S. Germany). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys holoserica nothosubsp.
halicarnassia (Turkey). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys holoserica subsp. holoserica
(W. & C. Europe to Medit.) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys holoserica subsp. lacaitae
(Sicilia to S. Italy). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys holoserica subsp. maxima
(Crete to SW. & S. Turkey, Israel). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys holoserica subsp.
oxyrrhynchos (Sardegna to Sicilia, Italy).
Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys holoserica subsp. biancae
(SE. Sicilia). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys iceliensis (Turkey).
Ophrys illyrica (Croatia).
Ophrys incubacea : Spider Orchid (S.
Europe).
Ophrys insectifera : Fly Orchid
(Europe).
- Ophrys insectifera subsp. aymoninii
(SC. France to Spain). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys insectifera subsp.
insectifera (Europe). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys insectifera nothosubsp.
tytecaeana (France). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys iricolor (Medit.)
- Ophrys iricolor subsp. iricolor (E.
Medit.)
- Ophrys iricolor subsp. maxima
(Corse, Sardegna, Tunisia) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys isaura (S. Turkey).
Ophrys israelitica (Aegean Is. to Jordan).
Ophrys kopetdagensis ( Turkmenistan).
Ophrys kotschyi (Cyprus).
Ophrys latakiana (Syria).
Ophrys lindia (East Aegean Is.)
Ophrys lunulata (Sicilia to S. Italy).
Ophrys
lutea : Yellow Ophrys (Medit.)
*Ophrys lutea subsp. lutea (W. &
C. Medit.) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys lutea subsp. pseudospeculum
(Medit.) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys lycia (SW. Turkey)
Ophrys lyciensis (Turkey).
Ophrys mammosa : Bosom Orchid (SE.
Europe to S. Turkmenistan).
Ophrys maxima (Crete).
Ophrys morisii (S. Corse, Sardegna).
Ophrys negadensis (Greece).
Ophrys omegaifera Medit.)
- Ophrys omegaifera subsp. dyris (S.
Iberian Pen, Baleares, Morocco). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys omegaifera subsp. omegaifera
(C. & E. Medit.) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys ortuabis (Sardegna).
Ophrys pallida (Sicilia, Malta, Algeria,
Tunisia).
Ophrys panattensis (Sardegna). Probably a
hybrid between O. argolica and O. lunulata
Ophrys parvula (East Aegean Is.).
Ophrys persephonae (E. Aegean Is.).
Ophrys pollinensis (Italy). Probably a hybrid
between O. argolica and O. holosericea
Ophrys praecox (S. Corse to NW. Sardegna)
Ophrys promontorii (C. & S. Italy).
Ophrys pseudobertolonii (W. & C. Medit.)
- Ophrys pseudobertolonii subsp.
bertoloniiformis (W. & C. Medit.) Tuber
geophyte
- Ophrys pseudobertolonii subsp.
pseudobertolonii (N. Italy) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys pseudomammosa (Greece to N. Turkey).
Ophrys reinholdii (Balkan Pen. to NW. Iran)
- Ophrys reinholdii subsp. reinholdii
(Balkan Pen. to SW. Turkey) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys reinholdii subsp. straussii
(S. & SE. Turkey to NW. Iran) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys schulzei (CS. & SE. Turkey to
Lebanon and Iran)
Ophrys scolopax : Woodcock Orchid
(Hungary, Medit. to Caucasus).
- Ophrys scolopax subsp. cornuta :
Horned Orchid (Hungary to Turkey). Tuber
geophyte
- Ophrys scolopax subsp. heldreichii
(Greece to SW. Turkey, Cyprus) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys scolopax subsp. scolopax
(Medit. to Caucasus) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys sicula : Lesser Yellow Bee
Orchid (S. & E. Medit.)
Ophrys sphegodes : Early Spider Orchid
(W. & S. Europe to Turkey).
- Ophrys sphegodes subsp. aesculapii
(Albania to S. Turkey). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys sphegodes subsp. parnassica
(Greece, Crete). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys sphegodes subsp. sphegodes
(W. & S. Europe to Crimea). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys spruneri (Sicilia to Israel)
- Ophrys spruneri subsp. panormitana
(Sicilia). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys spruneri subsp. spruneri
(Greece to Israel) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys tenthredinifera (Medit.)
Ophrys turcomanica (NE. Iran).
Ophrys umbilicata (WC. Medit. to Iran).
- Ophrys umbilicata subsp. attica
(Corse to Iran).
- Ophrys umbilicata subsp. umbilicata
(E. Medit. to S. Iran). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys vernixia (Medit.)
- Ophrys vernixia subsp. ciliata
(Medit.) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys vernixia subsp. orientalis
(Greece) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys vernixia subsp.
regis-ferdinandii (E. Aegean Is. to SW. Turkey)
Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys vernixia subsp. vernixia (WC.
& S. Portugal, N. Spain).Tuber geophyte
Natural hybrids
- Ophrys × aghemanii (O. scolopax subsp.
cornuta × O. turcomanica) (Iran).
- Ophrys × albertiana (O. apifera ×
O. holosericea) (Europe).
- Ophrys × albertiana nothosubsp.
albertiana (Europe). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × albertiana nothosubsp.
morellensis (O. apifera × O.
holoserica subsp. candica) (Italy) Tuber
geophyte.
- Ophrys × alibertiana (O. spruneri ×
O. tenthredinifera) (Crete).
- Ophrys × angelensis (O. incubacea ×
O. promontorii) (Italy).
- Ophrys × anomala (O. maxima × O.
scolopax subsp. heldreichii) (Crete)
- Ophrys × apicula (O. insectifera ×
O. sphegodes subsp. araneola) (Europe).
- Ophrys × apicula nothosubsp.
apicula (Europe). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × apicula nothosubsp.
fabrei (O. insectifera subsp.
aymoninii × O. sphegodes subsp.
arenosa) (Europe). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × aschersonii (O. holosericea
× O. sphegodes) (Europe).
- Ophrys × azurea (O. promontorii ×
O. pseudobertolonii) (Italy).
- Ophrys × barlae (O. bertolonii ×
O. incubacea) (S. Europe).
- Ophrys × battandieri (O. fusca ×
O. lutea) (NW. Africa).
- Ophrys × baumanniana (O. cretica ×
O. sphegodes) (Crete)
- Ophrys × bayeri (O. fusca × O.
omegaifera subsp. fleischmannii) (Cyprus).
- Ophrys × benoitiana (O. incubacea ×
O. sphegodes subsp. lunulata) (Sicily).
- Ophrys × bodegomii (O. passionis ×
O. tenthredinifera) (Spain).
- Ophrys × borakisiana (O. fusca ×
O. mammosa) (E. Aegean Is.).
- Ophrys × borgersiae (O. reinholdii ×
O. spruneri) (Greece).
- Ophrys × boscoquartensis (O.
biscutella × O. sphegodes) (Italy).
- Ophrys × bourlieri (O. iricolor ×
O. lutea × O. tenthredinifera). (N.
Africa).
- Ophrys × braun-blanquetiana (O.
fusca × O. incubacea) (Corse, Italy).
- Ophrys × burneriana (O. sphegodes
subsp. cretensis × O. spruneri) (Crete)
- Ophrys × campolati (O. promontorii ×
O. tenthredinifera) (Italy.
- Ophrys × camusii (O. exaltata ×
O. sphegodes) (Italy).
- Ophrys × carica (O. ferrum-equinum ×
O. holosericea) (Turkey.
- Ophrys × carpinensis (O. biscutella
× O. scolopax subsp. cornuta) (Italy).
- Ophrys × carquierannensis (O.
exaltata subsp. arachnitiformis × O.
fusca) (France).
- Ophrys × cascalesii (O. sphegodes
subsp. araneola × O. passionis)
(France).
- Ophrys × chobautii (O. lutea × O.
vernixia subsp. ciliata) (SW. Europe).
- Ophrys × circaea (O. apifera × O.
bombyliflora) (taly).
- Ophrys × clapensis (O. bombyliflora
× O. lutea) (France).
- Ophrys × corcyrensis (O.
ferrum-equinum × O. sphegodes) (Greece).
- Ophrys × couloniana (O. bertolonii ×
O. promontorii) (Italy).
- Ophrys × cranbrookeana (O. exaltata
subsp. arachnitiformis × O. scolopax)
(France).
- Ophrys × cugniensis (O. bertolonii ×
O. lutea) (Sicilia).
- Ophrys × delphinensis (O. argolica ×
O. scolopax subsp. cornuta) (S. Greece).
- Ophrys × devenensis (O. holosericea
× O. insectifera) (Europe).
- Ophrys × diakoptensis (O.
delphinensis × O. spruneri) (Greece).
- Ophrys × eliasii (O. fusca × O.
vernixia subsp. ciliata) (S. Europe).
- Ophrys × eliasii nothosubsp.
conimbricensis (O. fusca × O.
vernixia) (Portugal) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × eliasii nothosubsp.
eliasii (S. Europe). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × emmae (O. bertolonii ×
O. vernixia subsp. ciliata) (S. Europe).
- Ophrys × epidavrensis (O. argolica ×
O. sphegodes subsp. aesculapii)
(Greece).
- Ophrys × ettlingeriana (O. argolica
× O. umblicata subsp. attica) (Greece).
- Ophrys × extorris (O. holosericea ×
O. insectifera × O. sphegodes)
(Austria).
- Ophrys × feldwegiana (O.
ferrum-equinum × O. tenthredinifera)
(Greece).
- Ophrys × fernandii (O. bombyliflora
× O. vernixia subsp. ciliata) (France).
- Ophrys × ferruginea (O. fusca ×
O. holoserica) (Italy).
- Ophrys × grafiana (O. bombyliflora ×
O. umblicata subsp. attica) (Greece)
- Ophrys × grampinii (O. sphegodes ×
O. tenthredinifera) (Italy to Sicilia).
- Ophrys × gumprechtii (O. bertolonii
× O. holosericea subsp. parvimaculata)
(Italy).
- Ophrys × gumprechtii nothosubsp.
enobarbia (O. bertolonii × O.
holosericea) (Italy). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × gumprechtii nothosubsp.
gumprechtii (Italy). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × heraultii (O.
tenthredinifera × O. vernixia subsp.
ciliata) (Baleares).
- Ophrys × hoeppneri (O. bombyliflora
× O. sphegodes) (Italy).
- Ophrys × joannae (O. atlantica ×
O. iricolor) (N. Africa).
- Ophrys × kalteiseniana (O.
ferrum-equinum × O. reinholdii) (Greece to
Turkey).
- Ophrys × kelleri (O. exaltata subsp.
arachnitiformis × O. incubacea) (France
to Italy, S. Turkmenistan).
- Ophrys × kreutziana (O. kotschyi ×
O. mammosa) (Cyprus).
- Ophrys × kulpensis (O. phrygia ×
O. schulzei) (Turkey)
- Ophrys × kurzeorum (O. atlantica ×
O. omegaifera subsp. dyris) (Spain) .
- Ophrys × lievreae (O. iricolor ×
O. tenthredinifera) (N. Africa).
- Ophrys × lithinensis (O. omegaifera
× O. sitiaca) (Crete).
- Ophrys × llenasii (O. incubacea ×
O. scolopax) (SW. Europe).
- Ophrys × luizetii (O. apifera ×
O. sphegodes subsp. araneola) (France)
- Ophrys × lupiae (O. bertolonii ×
O. incubacea × O. tenthredinifera)
(Italy).
- Ophrys × lydia (O. mammosa × O.
vernixia subsp. regis-ferdinandii) (Greece
to Turkey).
- Ophrys × lydia nothosubsp. lydia
(Turkey). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × lydia nothosubsp.
magnessa (O. mammosa × O.
vernixia subsp. ciliata) (Greece). Tuber
geophyte
- Ophrys × macchiatii (O. sphegodes ×
O. vernixia subsp. ciliata) (Sardegna).
- Ophrys × maladroxiensis (O.
holosericea × O. morisii) (Sardegna).
- Ophrys × maladroxiensis nothosubsp.
daissiorum (O. holosericea subsp.
chestermanii × O. morisii) (Sardegna)
Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × maladroxiensis nothosubsp.
maladroxiensis (Sardegna) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × manfredoniae (O. incubacea
× O. tenthredinifera) (Italy).
- Ophrys × maremmae (O. holosericea
subsp. fuciflora × O. tenthredinifera)
(Italy).
- Ophrys × marmarensis (O. holosericea
× O. umbilicata) (E. Aegean Is.).
- Ophrys × mastii (O. ferrum-equinum ×
O. spruneri) (Greece).
- Ophrys × methonensis (O. argolica ×
O. tenthredinifera) (Greece).
- Ophrys × minuticauda (O. apifera ×
O. scolopax) (France, Sardegna).
- Ophrys × minuticauda nothosubsp.
donorensis (O. apifera × O.
scolopax subsp. conradiae) (Sardegna).
- Ophrys × minuticauda nothosubsp.
minuticauda (France) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × mirtiae (O. sicula × O.
vernixia subsp. ciliata) (Greece).
- Ophrys × montis-angeli (O.
biscutella × O. tenthredinifera) (Italy)
- Ophrys × montserratensis (SW. Europe).
- Ophrys montserratensis nothosubsp.
montserratensis (Spain) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys montserratensis nothosubsp.
neoruppertii (O. bertolonii × O.
scolopax) (France). Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × moreana (O. argolica ×
O. ferrum-equinum) (Greece).
- Ophrys × morensis (O. incubacea ×
O. praecox) (Sardegna).
- Ophrys × mulierum (O. mammosa ×
O. reinholdii) (Greece).
- Ophrys × nelsonii (O. insectifera ×
O. scolopax) (France).
- Ophrys × neowalteri (O. bertolonii ×
O. sphegodes subsp. araneola) (France).
- Ophrys × olbiensis (O. bombyliflora
× O. scolopax) (France).
- Ophrys × pano-lefkaron (O. iricolor
× O. mammosa) (E. Aegean Is. (Rodos) to
Cyprus).
- Ophrys × pantaliciensis (O.
incubacea × O. vernixia subsp.
ciliata) (Sicilia).
- Ophrys × paphosiana (O. kotschyi ×
O. umbilicata) (Cyprus).
- Ophrys × peloponnesiaca (O. argolica
× O. mammosa) (Greece).
- Ophrys × peltieri (O. scolopax ×
O. tenthredinifera) (N. Africa).
- Ophrys × personei (O. lutea × O.
tentherdiniffera) (Italy).
- Ophrys × perspicua (O. holosericea ×
O. phrygia) (Turkey).
- Ophrys × pesseiae (O. morisii ×
O. panattensis) (Sardegna).
- Ophrys × philippei (O. scolopax ×
O. sphegodes) (S. Europe).
- Ophrys × pietzschii (O. apifera ×
O. insectifera) (Europe).
- Ophrys × piscinica (O. incubacea ×
O. lutea) (Italy).
- Ophrys × plorae (O. cretica × O.
spruneri) (Crete).
- Ophrys × poisneliae (O. insectifera
subsp. aymoninii × O. pseudobertolonii
subsp. catalaunica) (Spain)
- Ophrys × provecta (O. bilunulata ×
O. omegaifera subsp. dyris) (Spain).
- Ophrys × pseudofusca (O. fusca ×
O. sphegodes) (S. Europe)
- Ophrys × pseudoquadriloba (O. lutea
× O. mammosa) (Greece).
- Ophrys × pseudospruneri (O. mammosa
× O. spruneri) (Greece).
- Ophrys × pugliana (O. holosericea ×
O. oxyrrhynchos) (Italy).
- Ophrys × quintartiana (O. ariadnae ×
O. ferrum-equinum) (Greece).
- Ophrys × rainei (O. bombyliflora ×
O. incubacea) (S. Europe).
- Ophrys × rasbachii (O. argolica ×
O. vernixia subsp. ciliata) (Greece).
- Ophrys × rauschertii (O. apifera ×
O. insectifera × O. sphegodes) (Europe).
- Ophrys × raynaudii (O. argolica ×
O. reinholdii) (Greece).
- Ophrys × rechingeri (O.
ferrum-equinum × O. mammosa) (Greece,
Crete).
- Ophrys × regis-minois (O. cretica ×
O. scolopax subsp. heldreichii) (Crete)
- Ophrys × salvatoris (O. bertolonii ×
O. biscutella) (Italy).
- Ophrys × sanconoensis (O. exaltata ×
O. tenthredinifera) (Sicilia).
- Ophrys × sanctae-sofiae (O. iricolor
× O. vernixia subsp. ciliata)
(Sardegna).
- Ophrys × sancti-leonardi (O. fusca ×
O. tenthredinifera). (Italy).
- Ophrys × semibombyliflora (O.
bombyliflora × O. exaltata subsp.
arachniformis) (Italy).
- Ophrys × simica (O. lucis × O.
tenthredinifera) (E. Aegean Is.)
- Ophrys × sivana (O. episcopalis ×
O. holosericea subsp. candica) (Crete to
Turkey).
- Ophrys × soller (O. apifera × O.
vernixia subsp. ciliata) (Baleares).
- Ophrys × sommieri (O. bombyliflora ×
O. tenthredinifera) (Medit.)
- Ophrys × sorrentini (O. bertolonii ×
O. tenthredinifera) (S. Europe).
- Ophrys × spuria (O. bertolonii ×
O. fusca) (S. Europe).
- Ophrys × stefaniae (O.
ferrum-equinum × O. iricolor) (Greece).
- Ophrys × sundermanniana (O. argolica
× O. spruneri) (Greece).
- Ophrys × telchinensis (O.
ferrum-equinum × O. lucis) (E. Aegean Is.).
- Ophrys × terrae-laboris (O.
promontorii × O. sphegodes) (Italy).
- Ophrys × torrensis (O. argentaria ×
O. × pseudoscolopax) (Italy).
- Ophrys × triadensis (O. sicula ×
O. tenthredinifera) (Greece).
- Ophrys × tuscanica (O. crabronifera
× O. tenthredinifera) (Italy).
- Ophrys × varvarae (O. cretica ×
O. fusca) (Crete)
- Ophrys × vernonensis (O. biscutella
× O. promontorii) (Italy).
- Ophrys × vespertilio (O. apifera ×
O. bertolonii) (Italy).
- Ophrys × vicina (O. holosericea ×
O. scolopax) (France, SW. Sardegna).
- Ophrys × vicina nothosubsp.
corriasiana (O. holosericea subsp.
chestermanii × O. scolopax subsp.
conradiae) (SW. Sardegna) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × vicina nothosubsp. vicina
(France) Tuber geophyte
- Ophrys × viglaensis (O. ferum-equinum
var. minor × O. pruneri) (Greece)
- Ophrys × vogatsica (O. reinholdii ×
O. sphegodes) (Greece).
- Ophrys × waldmanniana (O.
ferrum-equinum × O. vernixia subsp.
ciliata) (Greece).
- Ophrys × yvonneae (O. holosericea
subsp. apulica × O. incubacea) (Italy).
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